Reference

Bibliography

This is our working bibliography for the Critical Code Studies programme for our Spacewar! project.

works cited

Abbate, J. (1999) Inventing the Internet. MIT Press.

Abbate, J. (2012) Recoding Gender: Women's Changing Participation in Computing. MIT Press.

Bender, E. M. et al. (2021) 'On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big?', FAccT '21.

Benjamin, R. (2019) Race After Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Crow. Polity.

Berry, D. M. (2011) The Philosophy of Software: Code and Mediation in the Digital Age. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Berry, D. M. (ed.) (2012) Understanding Digital Humanities. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Berry, D. M. (2014) Critical Theory and the Digital. London: Bloomsbury.

Berry, D. M. (2023a) 'Critical Digital Humanities', in O'Sullivan, J. (ed.) The Bloomsbury Handbook to the Digital Humanities, pp. 125-135. London: Bloomsbury.

Berry, D. M. (2024) 'Reflections on Method for Critical Code Studies', Stunlaw: Philosophy and Critique for a Digital Age. Available at: https://stunlaw.blogspot.com/2024/12/reflections-on-method-for-critical-code.html.

Berry, D. M. (2025a) 'Synthetic media and computational capitalism: towards a critical theory of artificial intelligence', AI & Society. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02265-2.

Berry, D. M. (2025d) 'Digital Ruins and Critical Code Studies: Towards an Ethics of Historical Software Reconstruction', Stunlaw: Philosophy and Critique for a Digital Age.

Berry, D. M. & Marino, M. C. (2024) 'Reading ELIZA: Critical Code Studies in Action', Electronic Book Review. Available at: https://electronicbookreview.com/essay/reading-eliza-critical-code-studies-in-action/.

Bogost, I. & Montfort, N. (2009) Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System. MIT Press.

Bowker, G. C. & Star, S. L. (1999) Sorting Things Out: Classification and Its Consequences. MIT Press.

Campbell-Kelly, M. et al. (2014) Computer: A History of the Information Machine. 3rd ed. Westview Press.

Cayley, J. (2002) 'The Code is Not the Text (Unless It Is the Text)', Electronic Book Review.

Ceruzzi, P. E. (2003) A History of Modern Computing. 2nd ed. MIT Press.

Chun, W. H. K. (2011) Programmed Visions: Software and Memory. MIT Press.

Ciston, Sarah, David M. Berry, Anthony C. Hay, Mark C. Marino, Peter Millican, Arthur I. Schwarz, Jeff Shrager and Peggy Weil (2026) Inventing ELIZA: How the First Chatbot Shaped the Future of AI. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Crawford, K. (2021) Atlas of AI. Yale University Press.

D'Ignazio, C. & Klein, L. F. (2020) Data Feminism. MIT Press.

Ensmenger, N. (2010) The Computer Boys Take Over. MIT Press.

Ernst, W. (2013) Digital Memory and the Archive. Ed. Parikka, J. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Evans, C. L. (2018) Broad Band: The Untold Story of the Women Who Made the Internet. New York: Penguin Random House.

Friedman, B. & Nissenbaum, H. (1996) 'Bias in Computer Systems', ACM Transactions on Information Systems 14(3): 330-347.

Fuller, M. (ed.) (2008) Software Studies: A Lexicon. MIT Press.

Gadamer, H.-G. (1975) Truth and Method. Trans. Weinsheimer, J. & Marshall, D. G. Continuum.

Galloway, A. R. (2004) Protocol: How Control Exists After Decentralization. MIT Press.

Galloway, A. R. (2012) The Interface Effect. Polity.

Glazier, L. P. (2002) Digital Poetics: The Making of E-Poetries. University of Alabama Press.

Graetz, J. M. (1962) 'SPACEWAR! Real-Time Capability of the PDP-1', DECUS Proceedings 1962. Maynard, MA: Digital Equipment Computer Users Society. Available at: https://www.masswerk.at/spacewar/decus1962/.

Graetz, J. M. (1981) 'The Origin of Spacewar', Creative Computing 7(8): 56-67. Available at: https://www.masswerk.at/spacewar/SpacewarOrigin.html.

Habermas, J. (1972) Knowledge and Human Interests. Trans. Shapiro, J. Heinemann.

Hayles, N. K. (2005) My Mother Was a Computer: Digital Subjects and Literary Texts. University of Chicago Press.

Hicks, M. (2017) Programmed Inequality: How Britain Discarded Women Technologists and Lost Its Edge in Computing. MIT Press.

Jerz, D. (2007) 'Somewhere Nearby is Colossal Cave: Examining Will Crowther's Original "Adventure" in Code and in Kentucky', Digital Humanities Quarterly 1(2).

Jockers, M. L. (2013) Macroanalysis: Digital Methods and Literary History. University of Illinois Press.

Karpathy, A. (2025) 'Vibe coding' [X/Twitter post]. 2 February. https://x.com/karpathy/status/1886192184808149383.

Kirschenbaum, M. (2008) Mechanisms: New Media and the Forensic Imagination. MIT Press.

Kittler, F. (1997) 'There Is No Software', in Johnston, J. (ed.) Literature, Media, Information Systems. Amsterdam: G+B Arts International, pp. 147-155.

Kittler, F. (1999) Gramophone, Film, Typewriter. Trans. Winthrop-Young, G. & Wutz, M. Stanford University Press.

Kline, S., Dyer-Witheford, N. & de Peuter, G. (2005) Digital Play: The Interaction of Technology, Culture, and Marketing. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.

Landsteiner, N. (2019) 'Inside Spacewar! A Software Archeological Approach to the First Video Game', masswerk.at. Available at: https://www.masswerk.at/spacewar/inside/.

Latour, B. (1987) Science in Action. Harvard University Press.

Link, D. (2006) 'There Must Be an Angel: On the Beginnings of the Arithmetics of Rays', Kultur & Gespenster 2.

Mackenzie, A. (2006) Cutting Code: Software and Sociality. Peter Lang.

Natale, S. (2019) 'If software is narrative: Joseph Weizenbaum, artificial intelligence and the biographies of ELIZA', New Media & Society 21(8): 1725-1742.

Manovich, L. (2013) Software Takes Command. Bloomsbury.

Marino, M. C. (2006a) 'Critical Code Studies', Electronic Book Review. Available at: https://electronicbookreview.com/essay/critical-code-studies/.

Marino, M. C. (2006b) I, Chatbot: The Gender and Race Performativity of Conversational Agents. PhD Dissertation, University of California, Riverside.

Marino, M. C. (2013) 'Code as Ritualized Poetry: The Tactics of the Transborder Immigrant Tool', Digital Humanities Quarterly 7(1). Available at: www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/7/1/000157/000157.html.

Marino, M. C. (2018) 'Reading Culture Through Code', in Sayers, J. (ed.) The Routledge Companion to Media Studies and Digital Humanities, pp. 472-482. New York: Routledge.

Marino, M. C. (2020) Critical Code Studies. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Marino, M. C. & Douglass, J. (2023) 'Introduction: Situating Critical Code Studies in the Digital Humanities', Digital Humanities Quarterly 17(2).

Marino, M. C., Leong, D. & Pressman, J. (2022) 'Entanglements', The Digital Review 2. Available at: https://thedigitalreview.com/issue02/marino_entanglements/index.html.

Markoff, J. (2002) 'A Long Time Ago, in a Lab Far Away', The New York Times, 28 February. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/28/technology/a-long-time-ago-in-a-lab-far-away.html.

McPherson, T. (2012) 'Why Are the Digital Humanities So White? or Thinking the Histories of Race and Computation', in Gold, M. K. (ed.) Debates in the Digital Humanities. University of Minnesota Press.

Montfort, N. (2003) Twisty Little Passages: An Approach to Interactive Fiction. MIT Press.

Montfort, N. (2014) 'ppg256', Electronic Literature Collection Vol. 2. https://collection.eliterature.org/2/works/montfort_ppg256/

Montfort, N., Baudoin, P., Bell, J., Bogost, I., Douglass, J., Marino, M. C., Mateas, M., Reas, C., Sample, M. & Vawter, N. (2013) 10 PRINT CHR$(205.5+RND(1)); : GOTO 10. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Moretti, F. (2013) Distant Reading. Verso.

Noble, S. U. (2018) Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism. NYU Press.

Pasquale, F. (2015) The Black Box Society. Harvard University Press.

Pressman, J., Marino, M. C. & Douglass, J. (2015) Reading Project: A Collaborative Analysis of William Poundstone's Project for Tachistoscope {Bottomless Pit}. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press.

Raley, R. (2009) Tactical Media. University of Minnesota Press.

Ramsay, S. (2011) Reading Machines: Toward an Algorithmic Criticism. University of Illinois Press.

Ricoeur, P. (1970) Freud and Philosophy: An Essay on Interpretation. Yale University Press.

Ricoeur, P. (1981) Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences. Trans. Thompson, J. B. Cambridge University Press.

Srnicek, N. (2017) Platform Capitalism. Polity.

Star, S. L. (1999) 'The Ethnography of Infrastructure', American Behavioral Scientist 43(3): 377-391.

Strachey, C. (1954) 'The "Thinking" Machine', Encounter 3(4): 25-31.

Wardrip-Fruin, N. (2009) Expressive Processing: Digital Fictions, Computer Games, and Software Studies. MIT Press.

Weaver, C. (interviewer) (2017-2018) Spacewar! oral histories: Stephen Russell, Peter Samson, Robert Saunders, Steve Piner, Martin Graetz, Wayne Wiitanen, and Daniel Edwards. Smithsonian National Museum of American History, Archives Center, collection AC1498 (Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation). Available at: https://www.si.edu/media/NMAH/.

Weizenbaum, J. (1966) 'ELIZA: A Computer Program For the Study of Natural Language Communication Between Man And Machine', Communications of the ACM 9(1): 36-45.

Weizenbaum, J. (1976) Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.

Winner, L. (1980) 'Do Artifacts Have Politics?', Daedalus 109(1): 121-136.

Zuboff, S. (2019) The Age of Surveillance Capitalism. Profile Books.

online resources

Critical Code Studies Working Group: https://wg.criticalcodestudies.com/

Digital Humanities Quarterly: http://digitalhumanities.org/dhq/

Electronic Book Review: https://electronicbookreview.com/

Platform Studies: https://platformstudies.com/

Software Studies Initiative: http://lab.softwarestudies.com/

Spacewar! (masswerk.at, Norbert Landsteiner), with emulation, source listings, and the Inside Spacewar! code analysis: https://www.masswerk.at/spacewar/

Stunlaw: https://stunlaw.blogspot.com/